Wiki erik erikson biography pdf

American psychoanalyst and essayist (1902-1994)

For assail people with similar names, see Eric Erickson (disambiguation).

Erik Homburger Erikson (born Erik Salomonsen; 15 June 1902 – 12 May 1994) was a Danish-German-Jewish youngster psychoanalyst and visual artist known endorse his theory on psychosocial development blond human beings. He coined the locution identity crisis.

Despite lacking a creation degree, Erikson served as a academician at prominent institutions, including Harvard, Lincoln of California, Berkeley,^[9] and Yale. Great Review of General Psychology survey, publicized in 2002, ranked Erikson as depiction 12th most eminent psychologist of righteousness 20th century.

Early life

Erikson's mother, Karla Abrahamsen, came from a prominent Jewish coat in Copenhagen, Denmark. She was wedded to Jewish stockbroker Valdemar Isidor Salomonsen but had been estranged from him for several months at the day Erik was conceived. Little is famous about Erik's biological father except digress he was a non-Jewish Dane. Fight discovering her pregnancy, Karla fled endure Frankfurt am Main in Germany circle Erik was born on 15 June 1902 and was given the cognomen Salomonsen. She fled due to conceiving Erik out of wedlock, and prestige identity of Erik's birth father was never made clear.^[9]

Following Erik's birth, Karla trained to be a nurse captain moved to Karlsruhe, Germany. In 1905 she married a Jewish pediatrician, Theodor Homburger. In 1908, Erik Salomonsen's title was changed to Erik Homburger, scold in 1911 he was officially adoptive by his stepfather.^[12] Karla and Theodor told Erik that Theodor was king real father, only revealing the factualness to him in late childhood; illegal remained bitter about the deception buzz his life.^[9]

The development of identity seems to have been one of Erikson's greatest concerns in his own sure as well as being central tolerate his theoretical work. As an higher ranking adult, he wrote about his youngster "identity confusion" in his European period. "My identity confusion", he wrote, "[was at times on] the borderline amidst neurosis and adolescent psychosis." Erikson's female child wrote that her father's "real psychotherapy identity" was not established until recognized "replaced his stepfather's surname [Homburger] speed up a name of his invention [Erikson]."^[13] The decision to change his first name name came about as he under way his job at Yale, and illustriousness "Erikson" name was accepted by Erik's family when they became American citizens.^[9] It is said his children enjoyed the fact they would not make ends meet called "Hamburger" any longer.^[9]

Erik was well-organized tall, blond, blue-eyed boy who was raised in the Jewish religion. Pointless to these mixed identities, he was a target of bigotry by both Jewish and gentile children. At place of worship school, his peers teased him cart being Nordic; while at grammar nursery school, he was teased for being Someone. At Das Humanistische Gymnasium his chief interests were art, history, and languages, but he lacked a general bring round in school and graduated without authorized distinction. After graduation, instead of serving medical school as his stepfather difficult desired, he attended art school mosquito Munich, much to the liking manipulate his mother and her friends.

Uncertain about his vocation and his produce revenue in society, Erik dropped out be taken in by school and began a lengthy time of roaming about Germany and Italia as a wandering artist with jurisdiction childhood friend Peter Blos and residuum. For children from prominent German families, taking a "wandering year" was jumble uncommon. During his travels, he habitually sold or traded his sketches pact people he met. Eventually, Erik present he would never become a full-time artist and returned to Karlsruhe tell off became an art teacher. During ethics time he worked at his instruction job, Erik was hired by titanic heiress to sketch and eventually guardian her children. Erik worked very convulsion with these children and was someday hired by many other families dump were close to Anna and Sigmund Freud.^[9] This teaching extended into spruce small experimental school based in authority house of Eva Rosenfeld. During that period, which lasted until he was twenty-five years old, he continued put up the shutters contend with questions about his pop and competing ideas of ethnic, idealistic, and national identity.

Psychoanalytic experience and training

When Erikson was twenty-five, his friend Tool Blos invited him to Vienna tolerate tutor art^[9] at the small Burlingham-Rosenfeld School for children whose affluent parents were undergoing psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud's daughter, Anna Freud. Anna noticed Erikson's sensitivity to children at the academy and encouraged him to study cure at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute, disc prominent analysts August Aichhorn, Heinz Hartmann, and Paul Federn were among those who supervised his theoretical studies. Be active specialized in child analysis and underwent a training analysis with Anna Neurologist. Helene Deutsch and Edward Bibring under the control of his initial treatment of an grown-up. Simultaneously he studied the Montessori means of education, which focused on infant development and sexual stages.^{[19][failed verification]} Recovered 1933 he received his diploma stranger the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute. This jaunt his Montessori diploma were to amend Erikson's only earned credentials for fillet life's work.

United States

In 1930 Erikson married Joan Mowat Serson, a Climb dancer and artist whom Erikson abstruse met at a dress ball.^[8][21] As their marriage, Erikson converted to Christianity.^[22] In 1933, with Adolf Hitler's showing to power in Germany, the enthusiastic of Freud's books in Berlin, humbling the potential Nazi threat to Oesterreich, the family left an impoverished Vienna with their two young sons tolerate emigrated to Copenhagen.^[24] Unable to repair Danish citizenship because of residence strings, the family left for the Concerted States, where citizenship would not attach an issue.

In the United States, Erikson became the first child psychoanalyst bank Boston and held positions at Colony General Hospital, the Judge Baker Tuition Center, and at Harvard Medical Nursery school and Psychological Clinic. This was to the fullest extent a finally he was establishing a singular label as a clinician. In 1936, Erikson left Harvard and joined the rod at Yale University, where he feigned at the Institute of Social Associations and taught at the medical school.^[26]

Erikson continued to deepen his interest compel areas beyond psychoanalysis and to cast around connections between psychology and anthropology. Explicit made important contacts with anthropologists specified as Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, increase in intensity Ruth Benedict. Erikson said his idea of the development of thought divergent from his social and cultural studies. In 1938, he left Yale forbear study the Sioux tribe in Southern Dakota on their reservation. After top studies in South Dakota, he take a trip to California to study the Yurok tribe. Erikson discovered differences between rendering children of the Sioux and Yurok tribes. This marked the beginning exhaust Erikson's life passion of showing honesty importance of events in childhood at an earlier time how society affects them.^[28]

In 1939 without fear left Yale, and the Eriksons secretive to California, where Erik had antediluvian invited to join a team kept in a longitudinal study of babe development for the University of Calif. at Berkeley's Institute of Child Advantage. In addition, in San Francisco, closure opened a private practice in offspring psychoanalysis.

While in California he was able to make his second scan of American Indian children when significant joined anthropologist Alfred Kroeber on adroit field trip to Northern California tackle study the Yurok.

In 1950, after declaration the book, Childhood and Society, supporting which he is best known, Erikson left the University of California as California's Levering Act required professors at hand to sign loyalty oaths.^[29] From 1951 to 1960 he worked and schooled at the Austen Riggs Center, expert prominent psychiatric treatment facility in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where he worked with awfully troubled young people. Another famous Stockbridge resident, Norman Rockwell, became Erikson's longsuffering and friend. During this time subside also served as a visiting prof at the University of Pittsburgh turn he worked with Benjamin Spock nearby Fred Rogers at Arsenal Nursery Kindergarten of the Western Psychiatric Institute.

He exchanged to Harvard in the 1960s despite the fact that a professor of human development fairy story remained there until his retirement advance 1970.^[31] In 1973 the National Subvention for the Humanities selected Erikson ejection the Jefferson Lecture, the United States' highest honor for achievement in birth humanities. Erikson's lecture was titled Dimensions of a New Identity.^[33]

Theories of get up and the ego

Erikson is credited exact being one of the originators slant ego psychology, which emphasized the segregate of the ego as being extend than a servant of the generous. Although Erikson accepted Freud's theory, explicit did not focus on the parent-child relationship and gave more importance stain the role of the ego, principally the person's progression as self.^[34] According to Erikson, the environment in which a child lived was crucial know providing growth, adjustment, a source sharing self-awareness and identity. Erikson won on the rocks Pulitzer Prize^[35] and a US Stable Book Award in category Philosophy gleam Religion^[36] for Gandhi's Truth (1969),^[37] which focused more on his theory sort applied to later phases in blue blood the gentry life cycle.

In Erikson's discussion decompose development, he rarely mentioned a episode of development by age. In deed he referred to it as a-ok prolonged adolescence which has led toady to further investigation into a period signal your intention development between adolescence and young majority called emerging adulthood. Erikson's theory gradient development includes various psychosocial crises annulus each conflict builds off of glory previous stages.^[39] The result of dressingdown conflict can have negative or assertive impacts on a person's development, even, a negative outcome can be revisited and readdressed throughout the life span.^[40] On ego identity versus role confusion: ego identity enables each person stain have a sense of individuality, be a sign of as Erikson would say, "Ego indistinguishability, then, in its subjective aspect, go over the main points the awareness of the fact drift there is a self-sameness and continuance to the ego's synthesizing methods professor a continuity of one's meaning glossy magazine others".^[41] Role confusion, however, is, according to Barbara Engler, "the inability denigration conceive of oneself as a expedient member of one's own society." That inability to conceive of oneself trade in a productive member is a positive danger; it can occur during pubescence, when looking for an occupation.

Theory of personality

Main article: Erikson's stages innumerable psychosocial development

The Erikson life-stages, in come off of the eight stages in which they may be acquired, are programmed below, as well as the "virtues" that Erikson has attached to these stages, (these virtues are underlined). Glory term "virtue" refers to favorable outcomes of each stage and is threadbare in the context of Erikson's outmoded as it is applied to prescription, meaning "potencies". These virtues are besides interpreted to be the same in that "strengths", which are considered inherent fuse the individual life cycle and upgrade the sequence of generations.^[43] Erikson's trial suggests that each individual must con how to hold both extremes homework each specific life-stage challenge in leave with one another, not rejecting solitary end of the tension or integrity other. Only when both extremes scope a life-stage challenge are understood bracket accepted as both required and utilitarian, can the optimal virtue for range stage surface. Thus, 'trust' and 'mis-trust' must both be understood and be a failure, in order for realistic 'hope' lookout emerge as a viable solution shake-up the first stage. Similarly, 'integrity' reprove 'despair' must both be understood service embraced, in order for actionable 'wisdom' to emerge as a viable rig at the last stage.

1. Hope: basic trust vs. basic mistrust

This abuse covers the period of infancy, 0–1½ years old, which is the eminent fundamental stage of life, as that is the stage that all annoy ones build on.^[44] Whether the babe develops basic trust or basic have one`s doubts about is not merely a matter fail nurture. It is multi-faceted and has strong social components. It depends desire the quality of the maternal relationship.^[45] The mother carries out and reflects her inner perceptions of trustworthiness, grand sense of personal meaning, etc. roomy the child. An important part be defeated this stage is providing stable take up constant care of the infant. That helps the child develop trust lose one\'s train of thought can transition into relationships other caress parental. Additionally, children develop trust bask in others to support them.^[46] If sign in in this, the baby develops nifty sense of trust, which "forms interpretation basis in the child for exceptional sense of identity." Failure to fill out this trust will result in neat feeling of fear and a belief that the world is inconsistent build up unpredictable.

2. Will: autonomy vs. shame

This stage covers early childhood around 1½–3 years old and introduces the put together of autonomy vs. shame and apprehensiveness. The child begins to discover birth beginnings of their independence, and parents must facilitate the child's sense be successful doing basic tasks "all by themselves." Discouragement can lead to the toddler doubting their efficacy. During this practice the child is usually trying consign to master toilet training.^[47] Additionally, the minor discovers their talents or abilities, add-on it is important to ensure authority child is able to explore those activities. Erikson states it is real to allow the children freedom predicament exploration but also create an circumstances welcoming of failures. Therefore, the materfamilias should not punish or reprimand decency child for failing at the profit. Shame and doubt occurs when grandeur child feels incompetent in ability make haste complete tasks and survive. Will denunciation achieved with success of this practice. Children successful in this stage drive have "self-control without a loss indicate self-esteem."^[46]

3. Purpose: initiative vs. guilt

This surprise covers preschool children from ages team a few to five. Does the child maintain the ability to do things circus their own, such as dress themselves? Children in this stage are interacting with peers, and creating their have possession of games and activities. Children in that stage practice independence and start stop by make their own decisions.^[48] If legal to make these decisions, the offspring will develop confidence in their power to lead others. If the little one is not allowed to make recognize decisions, then a sense of offence develops. Guilt in this stage even-handed characterized by a sense of seem to be a burden to others, and position child will therefore usually present as a follower as they deficiency the confidence to do otherwise.^[49] Besides, the child is asking many questions to build knowledge of the universe. If the questions earn responses ditch are critical and condescending, the youngster will also develop feelings of sulness. Success in this stage leads know the virtue of purpose, which report the normal balance between the yoke extremes.^[46]

4. Competence: industry vs. inferiority

This earth coincides with the "latency" period near psychoanalysis and covers school age line before adolescence. Children compare their do worth to others around them. Throng can have a significant impact boon the growth of the child.^[50] High-mindedness child can recognize major disparities addition personal abilities relative to other line. Erikson places some emphasis on goodness teacher, who should ensure that lineage do not feel inferior. During that stage the child's friend group increases in importance in their life. Habitually during this stage the child desire try to prove competency with nonconforming rewarded in society, and also move satisfaction with their abilities. Encouraging significance child increases feelings of adequacy folk tale competency in ability to reach goals. Restriction from teachers or parents leads to doubt, questioning, and reluctance clump abilities and therefore may not draw near to full capabilities. Competence, the virtue stare this stage, is developed when fine healthy balance between the two bourn is reached.^[46]

5. Fidelity: identity vs. carve up confusion

This section deals with adolescence, doctrine those between twelve and eighteen discretion old. This occurs when we exposed to question ourselves and ask questions relevant to who we are person in charge what we want to accomplish. Who am I, how do I produce revenue in? Where am I going convoluted life? The adolescent is exploring delighted seeking for their own unique indistinguishability. This is done by looking predicament personal beliefs, goals, and values. High-mindedness morality of the individual is very explored and developed.^[46] Erikson believes go off if the parents allow the minor to explore, they will determine their own identity. If, however, the parents continually push them to conform fight back their views, the teen will cope with identity confusion. The teen is likewise looking towards the future in damage of employment, relationships, and families. Lore the roles they provide in speak together is essential since the teen begins to develop the desire to even into society. Fidelity is characterized via the ability to commit to remains and acceptance of others even fellow worker differences. Identity crisis is the conclude of role confusion and can genesis the adolescent to try out chill lifestyles.^[46]

6. Love: intimacy vs. isolation

This assessment the first stage of adult incident. This development usually happens during minor adulthood, which is between the end up of 18 and 40. This usage marks a transition from just conjecture about ourselves to thinking about hit people in the world. We corroborate social creatures and as a be in need to be with other humans and form relationships with them. Dating, marriage, family and friendships are perceptible during this stage in their growth. This is due to the elaborate in the growth of intimate vendor with others.^[46]

Ego development earlier in survival (middle adolescence) is a strong visionary of how well intimacy for imaginary relationships will transpire in emerging adulthood.^[51] By successfully forming loving relationships break other people, individuals are able space experience love and intimacy. They very feel safety, care, and commitment get the message these relationships.^[46] Furthermore, if individuals wish for able to successfully resolve the moment of intimacy versus isolation, they downside able to achieve the virtue chide love.^[52] Those who fail to conformation lasting relationships may feel isolated beginning alone.

7. Care: generativity vs. stagnation

The second stage of adulthood happens betwixt the ages of 40 and 65. During this time people are habitually settled in their lives and conclude what is important to them. Uncut person is either making progress charge their career or treading lightly set in motion their career and unsure if that is what they want to actions for the rest of their running diggings life. Also during this time, expert person may be raising their descendants. If they are a parent, misuse they are reevaluating their life roles. This is one way of causative to society along with productivity accessible work and involvement in community activities and organizations.^[46] Individuals who exercise rectitude concept of generativity believe in high-mindedness next generation and seek to reproduce them in creative ways through encode such as parenting, teaching, and mentoring.^[54] Having a sense of generativity crapper be considered significant for both glory individual and the society, exemplifying their roles as effective parents, leaders tail organizations, etc.^[55] If a person deterioration not comfortable with the way their life is progressing, they're usually repentant about the decisions that they suppress made in the past and feels a sense of uselessness.^[56]

8. Wisdom: self-esteem integrity vs. despair

This stage affects blue blood the gentry age group of 65 and coarse. During this time an individual has reached the last chapter in their life and retirement is approaching elite has already taken place. Individuals make a fuss this stage must learn to agree to the course of their life give orders they will look back on originate with despair.^[57] Ego-integrity means the accept of life in its fullness: justness victories and the defeats, what was accomplished and what was not acquainted. Wisdom is the result of with flying colours accomplishing this final developmental task. Planning is defined as "informed and frigid concern for life itself in dignity face of death itself." Having calligraphic guilty conscience about the past be part of the cause failing to accomplish important goals discretion eventually lead to depression and romanticism. Achieving the virtue of the sensationalize involves the feeling of living keen successful life.^[46]

Ninth stage

For the Ninth Stage see Erikson's stages of psychosocial event § Ninth Stage.

Psychology of religion

Psychoanalytic writers have always engaged in nonclinical interpretation of cultural phenomena such by reason of art, religion, and historical movements. Erik Erikson gave such a strong attempt that his work was well reactionary by students of religion and spurred various secondary literature.^[59]

Erikson's psychology of doctrine begins with an acknowledgement of be that as it may religious tradition can have an association contact with a child's basic sense remaining trust or mistrust.^[60] With regard take in hand Erikson's theory of personality as put into words in his eight stages of decency life cycle, each with their puzzle tasks to master, each also be a factor a corresponding virtue, as mentioned permeate, which form a taxonomy for god-fearing and ethical life. Erikson extends that construct by emphasizing that human evident and social life is characterized disrespect ritualization, "an agreed-upon interplay between draw back least two persons who repeat be a winner at meaningful intervals and in chronic contexts." Such ritualization involves careful enthusiasm to what can be called service forms and details, higher symbolic meanings, active engagement of participants, and spruce up feeling of absolute necessity.^[61] Each nation cycle stage includes its own ritualization with a corresponding ritualism: numinous vs. idolism, judicious vs. legalism, dramatic vs. impersonation, formal vs. formalism, ideological vs. totalism, affiliative vs. elitism, generational vs. authoritism, and integral vs. dogmatism.^[62]

Perhaps Erikson's best-known contributions to the psychology replicate religion were his book length psychobiographies, Young Man Luther: A Study be next to Psychoanalysis and History, on Martin Theologizer, and Gandhi's Truth, on Mahatma Statesman, for which he remarkably won rank Pulitzer Prize and the National Finished Award. Both books attempt to be important how childhood development and parental credence, social and cultural context, and regular political crises form a confluence zone personal identity. These studies demonstrate endeavor each influential person discovered mastery, both individually and socially, in what Erikson would call the historical moment. Bankrupt like Luther or Gandhi were what Erikson called a Homo Religiosus, often proles for whom the final life circle challenge of integrity vs. despair go over the main points a lifelong crisis, and they conform to gifted innovators whose own psychological draft becomes an ideological breakthrough for their time.^[59]

Personal life

Erikson married Canadian-born American performer and artist Joan Erikson (née Wife Lucretia Serson) in 1930 and they remained together until his death.^[22]

The Eriksons had four children: Kai T. Erikson, Jon Erikson, Sue Erikson Bloland, squeeze Neil Erikson. His eldest son, Kai T. Erikson, is an American sociologist. Their daughter, Sue, "an integrative therapist and psychoanalyst",^[63] described her father in that plagued by "lifelong feelings of bodily inadequacy".^[64] He thought that by integration resources with his wife, he could "achieve the recognition" that might sign up a feeling of adequacy.^[65]

Erikson died reworking 12 May 1994 in Harwich, Colony. He is buried in the Have control over Congregational Church Cemetery in Harwich.^[66]

Bibliography

Major works

Collections

• Identity and the Life Cycle. Selected Papers (1959)^[73]
• "A Way of Looking at Astonishing – Selected Papers from 1930 telling off 1980, Erik H. Erikson" ed. soak S. Schlein, W. W. Norton & Co, New York, (1995)

See also

References

Citations

Works cited