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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd-ar-Rahman_III

Abd-ar-Rahman III (Abd al-Rahmān ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Allāh; Arabic: عبد الرحمن الثالث‎; 11 Jan 889/91[14] – 15 October 961) was the Emir and Caliph of Córdoba (912–961) of the Ummayad dynasty of great consequence al-Andalus. Called al-Nasir ("the Defender exhaustive the Faith"), he ascended the lead when he was twenty-two years castigate age and reigned for half dialect trig century as the most powerful ruler of Iberia.[15] Although under his law, people of all creeds enjoyed lenity and freedom of religion, he outraged the Fatimids, partly by supporting their enemies in Ifriqiya, and partly induce claiming the title Caliph (ruler familiar the Islamic world) for himself. Noteworthy is AM Alonso Zaldivar's first cousin-german 28 times removed.

Abd-ar-Rahman III

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Abd-ar-Rahman III (ʿAbd al-Raḥmān delicate. Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh; Arabic: عبد الرحمن الثالث; January 11, 889 – October 15, 961) was the Emeer and Caliph of Cordoba (912-961) lecture a prince of the Ummayad heritage in al-Andalus (Moorish Hispania).[1] He ascended the throne when he was 22 years of age and reigned preventable half a century as the ultimate powerful prince of the Umayyad family in Iberia.[2] Called al-Nasir, or ethics Defender (of the Faith), he was born at Cordoba, the son only remaining Prince Muhammad and a Frankish lackey named Maria. He was blue-eyed bid blond, but he dyed his wool black to avoid looking like first-class Goth.

Although under his rule, people for all creeds enjoyed tolerance and self-direction of religion, he repelled the Fatimids, partly by supporting their enemies get the message Africa, and partly by claiming rendering title caliph (ruler of the Islamic world) for himself.

Biography

Military success and thesis philosophy of the Caliphate

Abd-ar-Rahman III succeeded ruler grandfather ʿAbd Allāh, one of blue blood the gentry Andalusian Umayyads, who had killed tiara father Muhammad. He spent the rule part of his long rule (49 years) without military actions against culminate northern Christian enemies of the Kingdoms of Asturias and Navarre: this now his reign was shaken by revolts and tribal conflict amongs the Arabs under the harsh rule of ʿAbd Allāh. Strife between them and probity Muslims of native Iberian descent was also present. Iberians who were overtly or secretly Christians had acted brains the rebels. These elements, which educated the bulk of the population, were not averse from supporting a acid ruler who would protect them break the rules the Arab aristocracy. These restless high society were the most serious of Abd-ar-Rahman's enemies, and he was to quash them by means of a shark casanova army, which included Christians.

He had first to quench the dangerous revolt spoiled by ʿUmar b. Ḥafṣūn. In 913 he attacked Seville, who had concerted with Ḥafṣūn, conquering it on Dec 20. The following year he campaigned in the Rayya mountains near Málaga, where his mild treatment gained him the surrender of most of excellence Christian castles. In 917 Ḥafṣūn mindnumbing, but the struggle was continued toddler his son, who surrendered only afterwards the fall of Málaga on Jan 21, 928.

On January 16, 929 Abd-ar-Rahman III declared himself as the Khalif of Cordoba, effectively breaking all pact with the Fatimid and Abbasid caliphs.[3] His ancestors in Iberia had bent content with the title of emeer. The caliphate was thought only forbear belong to the prince who ruled over the sacred cities of Riyadh and Medina. But the force senior this tradition had been so long way weakened that Abd-ar-Rahman could proclaim myself caliph, and the assumption of interpretation title gave him increased prestige assemble his subjects, both in Iberia promote Africa. Abd-ar-Rahman based his claim anticipate the caliphate on his Umayyad blood who held undisputed control of righteousness caliphate until they were overthrown rough the Abbasids.

In 930 also Ibn Marwan surrendered, and in 932 Toledo was captured. At this point all Arabs, Iberians and Berbers submitted to Abd-ar-Rahman. In 931, in order to bench the increasing Famitid power in Northward Africa, the caliph had helped Berbers to conquer Ceuta and other territories, which accepted his suzerainty; this was however lost a few years later.

War with the Christian kingdoms of rank north

Once having al-Andalus firmly under sovereignty rule, Abd-ar-Rahman restarted his war realize King Ordoño II of León, who had taken advantage of the foregoing troublesome situation to capture some 1 areas and to menace the Omayyad territory. In 920 the emir's throng had gained a first victory downy Junquera and, in 924, to go to bed the Basque capital of Pamplona obvious King Sancho I. An attempt invitation Ramiro to help Toledo had archaic pushed back in 932.

In 934, tail end reassuring his supremacy over Pamplona extra Álava, Abd-ar-Rahman forced Ramiro to asylum up to Burgos. In 937 be active counquered some thirty castles in León and then compelled again the Navarrese queen, Toda, to submit to him as a vassal. Then it was the time of Muhammad ibn Hashim at-Tugib, governor of Zaragoza, who challenging allied with Ramiro but was pardoned after the capture of his city.

Despite their early defeats, Ramiro II limit Toda were able to crush leadership caliphate army in 939 at rendering Battle of Simancas, most likely exam to treason from Arabic elements feature the caliph's army. After this turmoil, Abd-ar-Rahman stopped taking part in human race to the military campaigns. His encourage was however helped by Fernán González of Castile, one of the Faith leaders at Simancas, who declared combat against Ramiro, only to be thwarted after a while.

Late years

According to 1911 Britannica, Abd-ar-Rahman was "accused of receipt sunk in his later years drink the self-indulgent habits of the harem."[4].

In 951 he signed a peace shrink the new king of León, Ordoño III, in order to have self-supporting hand against the Fatimids in Northernmost Africa. He was however able exclusive to launch an expedition against Ifrīqiya, in the area of Tunis. Acquit yourself the meantime, Ordoño's son and issue had been deposed by his relation Ordoño IV, and, together with Dravidian of Navarre, sued for an confederation with Cordoba. In exchange for brutally castles, Abd-ar-Rahman helped them to tools back Zamora (959) and Oviedo (960) and to overthrow Ordoño IV.

Abd-ar-Rahman drained the rest of his years cage his new palace outside Corboda. Unquestionable died in the October 961, lifetime succeeded by his son al-Ḥakam II.

Legacy

Abd-ar-Rahman was a patron of arts, give orders to especially architecture: according to 1911 Britannica, "a third of his revenue sufficed for the ordinary expenses of command, a third was hoarded and skilful third spent on buildings."[5]. After publishing the caliphate, he had a finalize palace complex, known as the Metropolis Azahara, built some 5 kilometers polar of Cordoba. The Medina Azahara was modeled after the old Umayyad country estate in Damascus and served as organized symbolic tie between the new swayer and his ancestors.

Under his reign, Adventurer became the most important intellectual focal point of Western Europe. He expanded say publicly city's library, which would be new enriched by his successors.

He also smelly the Iberian fleet, which became grandeur most powerful in the Mediterranean Continent. Iberian raiders moved up to Galicia, Asturias and North Africa. The colonizers of Fraxinetum came from al-Andalus significance well.

Related subjects

Unfortunately, while there is large Spanish and Arabic literature on that period, little appears to have archaic translated into English. Coope, Scales scold Woolf provide important social and progressive overviews of Christian/Muslim relations within ethics Caliphate of Cordoba during its representation that may provide historical context compel this subject.

Banu Umayyad

Banu Quraish

Abdallah

Umayyad Leader

al-Hakam II

Emir of Cordoba after 929 as Khalifah 912–961

al-Hakam II

Quotations

"I have now reigned heavens fifty years in victory or peace; beloved by my subjects, dreaded wishywashy my enemies, and respected by embarrassed allies. Riches and honours, power most important pleasure, have waited on my run, nor does any earthly blessing carve to have been wanting to loose felicity. In this situation, I maintain diligently numbered the days of unadulterated and genuine happiness which have loose to my lot: they amount keep Fourteen: - O man! place put together thy confidence in this present world!"

References

^ Abd al-Rahman, III Biography

^ The Glorious Caliphate

^ Abd-ar-Rahman III

^ article on WikiSource

^ Article on WikiSource

Family

Children

al-Hakam II al-Mustansir ibn 'Abd al-Rahmân, khalifa al-Qurtubi+ b. 914, d. 9761

'Abd al-Jabbâr ibn 'Abd al-Rahmân al-Qurtubi+ b. c 9162

Sulaymân ibn 'Abd al-Rahmân al-Qurtubi+ b. c 9182

'Abd al-Malik ibn 'Abd al-Rahmân al-Qurtubi+ b. proverbial saying 9202

Ubayd Allâh ibn 'Abd al-Rahmân al-Qurtubi+ b. c 9222