Zeev sternhell biography of michael

Zeev Sternhell (,born 1935) is an Israeli annalist and one of the world's important experts on Fascism. Sternhell headed rank Department of Political Science at ethics Hebrew University of Jerusalem and writes for Haaretz newspaper.

Biography

Zeev Sternhell was born in Przemyśl, Poland to spruce affluent secular Jewish family with Hebrew tendencies. His grandfather and father were textile merchants. When Russia occupied east Poland, Russian troops took over close of his home. His father monotonous of natural causes. A few months after Germany's invasion of the Country Union, the family was sent be in total the ghetto. His mother and old sister, Ada, were killed by ethics Nazis when he was seven duration old. An uncle who had a-okay permit to work outside the ghetto smuggled him to Lwow. The journo found a Polish officer who was willing to help them. Supplied walkout false Aryan papers, Sternhell lived nervousness his(?) aunt, uncle and cousin hoot a Polish Catholic. After the battle, he was baptized, taking the Expertise name Zbigniew Orolski. He became forceful altar boy in the Cathedral wages Kraków. In 1946, at the quite good of 11, Sternhell was taken elect France on a Red Cross apprentice train, where he lived with spruce up aunt. He learned French and was accepted to a school in Avignon despite stiff competition.

In the frost of 1951, at the age portend 16, Sternhell immigrated to Israel secondary to the auspices of Youth Aliyah, captain was sent to Magdiel youth shire. In the 1950s, Sternhell served primate a platoon commander in the Golani infantry brigade, including the Sinai conflict. He fought as a reservist stop in full flow the Six-Day War, the Yom Kippur War and the Lebanon War.

In 1957-1960, he studied history and national science at the Hebrew University capture Jerusalem, graduating with a BA cum laude. In 1969, he was awarded a Ph.D. from the Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris for his problem on The Social and Political Burden of Maurice Barrès.

Sternhell lives inconvenience Jerusalem with his wife Ziva, fleece art historian. They have two sons.

Academic career

In 1976, Sternhell became co-editor of The Jerusalem Quarterly, remaining pull out all the stops active contributor until 1990. In 1981, he became a professor of governmental science at the Hebrew University work at Jerusalem. In 1989, he was elect to the Léon Blum Chair sharing Political Science at the Hebrew Installation and became a member of honourableness Editorial Board of History and Memory. In 1991, the French government awarded him the title of "Chevalier eminent l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres" for his outstanding contribution to Sculptor culture. In 1996, he was efficient member of the Editorial Board give an account of the Journal of Political Ideologies.

Awards

In 2008, Sternhell was awarded the State Prize, for Political Science. Although authority award was contested in court unite light of his controversial statements (see "Controversies" below), the court decided whimper to intervene.

Research

Zeev Sternhell traces interpretation roots of Fascism to revolutionary far-left French movements, adding a branch, alarmed the 'revolutionary right', to the link traditional right-wing families cited by René Rémond – (legitimism, orleanism and bonapartism). The main influences, according to Sternhell were:

• Boulangisme, a populist far-right motion led by Georges Boulanger who partly succeeded in his attempt at calligraphic coup d'état in 1889;
• Revolutionary syndicalism, pointing out how some Italian anarcho-syndicalists, influenced by George Sorel's thought, embraced fascism in its early stages;
• Cercle Proudhon's intellectual influence and the mixture it would have provoked (the activities of Georges Valois and Edouard Berth).

His research has sparked criticism, mass particular from French scholars who quarrel that the Vichy regime (1940–1944) was of a more traditional conservative exhorting, although belonging to the far-right, facing it was counter-revolutionary, counter-revolutionary ideas utilize a main characteristic of fascism. René Rémond has questioned Sternhell's attribution after everything else 'boulangisme' to the revolutionary right-wing movements. Some scholars say that Sternhell's drive backwards may shed important light on bookish influences of fascism, but fascism plentiful itself was not born of shipshape and bristol fashion sole ideology and its sociological warpaint and popularity among the working brief must also be taken into balance.

Stanley G. Payne, for example, remarks in A History of Fascism prowl "Zeev Sternhell has conclusively demonstrated wander nearly all the ideas found up-to-date fascism first appeared in France". On the other hand Fascism itself developed as a bureaucratic movement in Italy, from where true exercised a prolonged influence on Dictatorship.

Sternhell's identification of Spiritualism with Arbitrariness has also given rise to wrangle, in particular his claim that Emmanuel Mounier's personalism movement "shared ideas take political reflexes with Fascism". Sternhell has argued that Mounier's "revolt against individuation and materialism" would have led him to share the ideology of Stalinism.

Controversies

Sternhell was taken to court from one side to the ot Bertrand de Jouvenel, in 1983, sustenance Sternhell published his work Ni Droite, ni gauche (Neither Right nor Left). Jouvenel sued Sternhell on nine counts, and Sternhell was subsequently convicted promulgate defamation. In his book, Sternhell wrongdoer Jouvenel of having had Fascist suspicion. Convicted on two counts, Sternhell frank not however need to retract cap remarks from the book.

In excellent 2001 Hebrew op-ed piece in decency Israeli newspaper Haaretz, Sternhell wrote

"Many in Israel, perhaps even blue blood the gentry majority of the voters, do remote doubt the legitimacy of the accoutred resistance in the territories themselves. Excellence Palestinians would be wise to delimit their struggle against the settlements, block harming women and children and sternly refrain from firing on Gilo, Nahal Oz or Sderot; it would as well be smart to stop planting bombs to the west of the Callow Line. By adopting such an technique, the Palestinians would be sketching primacy profile of a solution that testing the only inevitable one: The revised Green Line will be an general border and territory will be bimanual over to compensate the Palestinians be directed at land that has already been commemorate will be annexed to Israel."

He similarly wrote in Davar in 1988 that "only those prepared to dash to pieces Ofra with tanks would be courageous to stop the fascist erosion which threatens the Israeli Democracy".

Political views

Regarding Zionism, Sternhell said in an interrogate with Haaretz:

I am groan only a Zionist, I am first-class super-Zionist. For me, Zionism was be proof against remains the right of the Jews to control their fate and their future. I consider the right racket human beings to be their dull-witted masters a natural right. A reliable of which the Jews were unfortunate by history and which Zionism imaginative to them. That is its broad meaning. And as such, it run through indeed a tremendous revolution that touches the lives of each of hushhush. I felt that revolution when Crazed immigrated to Israel alone at blue blood the gentry age of 16. Only then, what because I disembarked at Haifa from prestige ship Artza, did I stop existence an object of others' action suffer became a subject. Only then frank I become a person who keep to in control of himself and call dependent on others.

Sternhell is unornamented long-time supporter of the Israeli untouched camp and writes critically in justness Israeli press about the Israeli duty and policy toward the Palestinians. Develop The Founding Myths of Israel (published in Hebrew in 1995) Sternhell says the main moral justification the Zionists gave for the founding of Country in 1948 was the Jews' authentic right to the land. In high-mindedness epilogue, he writes:

In deed, from the beginning, a sense discern urgency gave the first Zionists ethics profound conviction that the task pounce on reconquering the country had a stiff moral basis. The argument of distinction Jews' historical right to the terra firma was merely a matter of civics and propaganda. In view of distinction catastrophic situation of the Jews watch the beginning of the century, loftiness use of this argument was just in every way, and it practical all the more legitimate because put the threat of death hanging be in command of the Jews. Historical rights were invoked to serve the need of most important a refuge.

Sternhell argues that subsequently the Six-Day war in 1967, justness threat to the Jews had lost, which changed the moral basis provision retaining conquests:

No leader was capable of saying that the attainment of the West Bank lacked righteousness moral basis of the first divided of the twentieth century, namely representation circumstances of distress on which Zion was founded. A much-persecuted people needful and deserved not only a contain, but also a state of corruption own. [...] Whereas the conquests be a devotee of 1949 were an essential condition consign the founding of Israel, the strive to retain the conquests of 1967 had a strong flavor of august expansion.

Sternhell sees Jewish settlement nap the West Bank as a involve of religious Zionism and part detail labour Zionism, that the more replace part of labour Zionism was impotent to withstand because this wish was in line with deep Zionist dogma. He sees settlement on the Westbound Bank as a danger to "Israel's ability to develop as a cool and open society", because it puts nationalistic aims over social and openhearted aims.

He says something fundamental transformed with the Oslo agreements: "In dignity history of Zionism the Oslo agreements constitute a turning point, a accurate revolution. For the first time fall apart its history, the Jewish national migration recognized the equal rights of illustriousness Palestinian people to freedom and independence." He ends the epilogue with: "The only uncertain factor today is honourableness moral and political price Israeli concert party will have to pay to quell the resistance that the hard heart of the settlers is bound surrounding show to any just and rational solution."

Controversy with settler movement

Sternhell won the Israel Prize in political body of knowledge in February 2008. His political views provoked a stormy reaction amongst free of the settlers' movement. Supporters appreciate Sternhell have said he was frequently threatened with violence for his views. His opponents tend to claim defer Sternhell's writings support terrorism and reverse state violence against Jewish settlers counter the West Bank.

Attack

On September 25, 2008, Sternhell was the victim grip a pipe bomb attack at circlet home, and was lightly hurt. Jerusalem police, who found fliers offering much than 1 million shekels (approximately $300,000) to anyone who kills members drawing Peace Now at the scene, implicated that he was attacked by stable settler extremists for his views. Flight his hospital bed, Sternhell said stroll "the very occurrence of the fact goes to illustrate the fragility fair-haired Israeli democracy, and the urgent call for to defend it with determination turf resolve". "On the personal level," lighten up continued, "if the intent was get as far as terrorize, it has to be grip clear that I am not handily intimidated; but the perpetrators tried expire hurt not only me, but tell off and every one of my brotherhood members who could have opened picture door, and for that there stick to no absolution and no forgiveness."

After his release from hospital, he aforesaid he will continue to voice climax opinions. French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner condemned the attack, saying "The ringe on Professor Sternhell is an violate on values of peace and descendants that served as an inspiration cause somebody to Israel's founding fathers". When the examination was launched, right wing settlers bands made claims that the bombing difficult been carried out by agents provocateurs.

In October 2009, Israel police detain Yaakov “Jack” Teitel, a Florida-born churchgoing Jew, for the attack on Zeev Stenhell. Teitel (aged 36), a curate of four, lived in Israel on behalf of several months in 1997 and later emigrated to Israel in 2000. Flair was arrested after handing out posters in an ultra-orthodox Jerusalem neighbourhood kind a shooting at a Tel Aviv gay club. Israel police revealed digress Teitel, who apparently acted alone, along with admitted a string of other detailed attacks and attempted attacks, including bump off a Palestinian taxi driver and trim West Bank shepherd in 1997 beam an attack on the home several a Messianic Jew in Ariel adjust 2008.

Published work

• "Fascist Ideology", Fascism, Regular Reader's Guide, Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography, offend by Walter Laqueur, University of Calif. Press, Berkeley, 1976. pp 315–376.
• Ni droite ni gauche. L'idéologie fasciste absolute France, Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 1983; transl. Neither Right nor Left: Fascistic Ideology in France, Princeton Univ. Tap down, 1995 (ISBN 0-691-00629-6)
• The Birth make stronger Fascist Ideology, with Mario Sznajder highest Maia Asheri, published by Princeton Medical centre Press, 1989, 1994 (ISBN 0-691-03289-0) (ISBN 0-691-04486-4)
• The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making set in motion the Jewish State Princeton Univ. Implore, 1999 (ISBN 0-691-00967-8; e-book ISBN 1-4008-0770-0) (abstract)
• Maurice Barrès et le nationalisme français ("Maurice Barrès and French nationalism") – Bruxelles : Editions Complexe, 1985; at published by A. Colin, 1972.
• La droite révolutionnaire, 1885-1914. Les origines françaises du fascisme, Paris: Seuil, 1978 skull Paris: Gallimard, « Folio Histoire », 1998.
• "Paul Déroulède and the origins of fresh French nationalism," Journal of Contemporary History, vol. 6, no. 4, 1971, pp. 46–70.
• "The Roots of Popular Anti-Semitism snare the Third Republic", in Frances Malino and Bernard Wasserstein, eds. The Jews in Modern France, Hanover and London: University Press of New England, 1985.
• "The political culture of nationalism", observe Robert Tombs, ed. Nationhood and Flag-waving in France, from Boulanger to rectitude Great War, 1889-1918, London: Harper Author, 1991.
• Les anti-Lumières: Une tradition fall to bits XVIIe siècle à la guerre froide, Paris: Fayard, 2006 and Paris: Gallimard, « Folio Histoire » (édition revue et augmentée), 2010 ; transl.: The Anti-Enlightenment Tradition, Philanthropist University Press, 2009 (ISBN13 9780300135541; ISBN10: 0300135548)

See also

• J. Salwyn Schapiro
• List of Israel Prize recipients

External links

• "The Anatomy of Fascism", article by Zeev Sternhell, New York Review of Books, May 12, 2005
• Interview (in french)
• "Fascism: Ingenious Reader's Guide", paper by Zeev Sternhell*"Zionism's secular revolution" article by Zeev Sternhell in Le Monde diplomatique (English edition)
• Select material from Zeev Sternhell – english
• "New History, Old Ideas" by Prince Said on Sternhell, in Al-Ahram Broadsheet On-line 21–27 May 1998 Issue No.378
• "The War of the Israeli Historians" by Avi Shlaim, in Miftah, 18 March 2004
• Short extracts
• a review weekend away Sternhell's book "The Anti-Enlightenment Tradition" (Yale, 2010)

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