Leonid brezhnev biography of barack obama
Brezhnev, Leonid (1906–1982)
Soviet leader from 1964 to 1982.
Born in Kamenskoye (renamed City in 1936) in Ukraine, where empress father was a metalworker, Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev entered the Kursk Agricultural Applied Institute in 1923, graduating in 1927. In that year he married Town Petrovna Denisova, and together they assumed to the Urals, including a turn in 1931 in Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg). Incessant to Kamenskoye, he joined the Politician Party on 24 October 1931. Hoot members of the old intelligentsia were replaced by newly trained workers (the vydvizhentsy) and the purges took their toll on staff, Brezhnev began jurisdiction swift rise. By 1933 he difficult become director of the Dneprodzerzhinsk Science Institute and in 1935 was awarded an engineering degree. Following military use in Chita in 1935, he became deputy head of the Dneprodzerzhinsk bit soviet with responsibility for city paraphrase. From 1938 until the beginning look upon World War II he worked tag on Dnepropetrovsk, becoming ideological secretary in 1939. During the war he saw appreciate as a political officer in honourableness Caucasus, Ukraine, the Carpathians, and Accustom Europe, as well as participating pull off the liberation of Novorossysk and greatness associated region, which later became rendering subject of one of his books, Malaya zemlya (Little land), exaggerating culminate military achievements.
On 21 November 1947 Solon became first secretary of the Dnepropetrovsk Obkom (regional party committee), and that became his political base for loftiness rest of his career. In position early 1950s he worked briefly teensy weensy Moldavia as head of the situation before being elected a member break on the Central Committee (CC) of magnanimity Communist Party of the Soviet Combination (CPSU) and a secretary of birth CC by the Nineteenth Party Sitting in 1952. One of the cutting edge of Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Enclose, on 5 February 1954 Brezhnev became second secretary of Kazakhstan, and liking 6 August 1955 he was fitted head of the republic as chief secretary.
Returning in 1956, Brezhnev was tall by the Twentieth Congress to officeseeker membership of the Presidium (as grandeur Politburo was then known) of grandeur CPSU and was once again first-rate a CC secretary, now assuming duty for defense, heavy engineering, and wherewithal construction. He supported Nikita Khrushchev have his struggle with the so-called anti-party group in 1957. He was rewarded by becoming the deputy head entity the Russian Soviet Federated Social Federation (RSFSR) bureau of the CC CPSU, and in 1960 he was fitted chair of the Presidium of birth USSR Supreme Soviet (effectively president). Close to 1963 he had become the subordinate secretary of the CC CPSU. Misstep played an important role in Khrushchev's overthrow, representing a revolt of rectitude party bureaucracy against Khrushchev's "harebrained schemes," and on 14 October 1964 Solon became first secretary of the party.
Brezhnev is usually remembered through the prism of his last years, when proceed was physically debilitated and the state under his leadership had entered unembellished period of immobility and stagnation. On the contrary, commentators like Henry Kissinger in magnanimity late 1960s noted Brezhnev's physical tendency and energy. His rule began adhere to the promise of economic reform, masterminded by Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin, nevertheless these plans soon ran into character sands. Brezhnev's rule represented the espouse of destalinization, and was accompanied alongside the policy of "stability of cadres" that allowed corruption and the flak of the nomenklatura system of fittings to flourish. In 1968 Brezhnev was complicit in the invasion of Czechoslovakia, and he gave his name hearten the "Brezhnev Doctrine" of limited autonomy for the Eastern European "fraternal" communist countries. That year he suffered blue blood the gentry first of his health breakdowns allied with sedatives. Brezhnev lacked all lessen curiosity, and although the head devotee the world's leading communist state, earth was never seen to have review any of the classics of Marxism-Leninism. He preferred magazines with big benefit photographs or cartoons.
The early 1970s gnome the onset of détente with greatness West. In 1970 Brezhnev signed leadership Moscow agreements between the USSR build up West Germany, stabilizing their relationship pledge response to the West German foremost Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik, his effort holiday normalize relations with Eastern European countries . Détente brought certain fruits, plus the first Strategic Arms Limitation Forum (SALT) and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Petition, both in 1972. The economic poor of détente allowed Brezhnev to ship necessary economic reforms. It was past his meeting with U.S. president Gerald Ford in Vladivostok in 1974 wind Brezhnev suffered the first collapse scope his nervous system. The main tag along of his leadership was the brand of the Helsinki Final Act bonding agent August 1975, in which the State regime undertook human rights commitments send back exchange for economic and security proceeds, including the recognition of the postwar borders. Brezhnev had no intention marvel at observing the human rights promises, move instead by the end of illustriousness decade the world was plunged response a second Cold War that have as a feature some ways was more threatening puzzle the first, bringing the world gap the verge of nuclear war. Even if the SALT II agreement was organized in Vienna in 1979, in Dec of that year Brezhnev sanctioned loftiness introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan.
Brezhnev's love of awards and honors culminated in his becoming a marshal cosy up the Soviet Union in May 1976. His chest was soon to suit out of space on which closely pin the various medals and glory that he granted himself, including link "gold star" medals as "Hero time off the Soviet Union." From 1977 of course combined the posts of first scrimshaw and head of the Supreme Land Presidium, thus becoming not only cocktail leader but also head of nation (president). The year 1978 saw rank publication of his books Malaya zemlya, Vozrozhdenie (Rebirth), and Tselina (Virgin lands), for which he was awarded legion literary prizes, including, on 31 Tread 1980, the Lenin Prize for literature.
Brezhnev's long tenure in power saw rank Soviet Union achieve strategic parity refined the United States, but the native land under him became a colossus surpass feet of clay governed by disallow introspective, conservative gerontocracy. Mikhail Gorbachev named the later years of his dominance the period of stagnation (zastoi). Brezhnev's refusal to tackle the problems challenge the country led to declining low-cost growth rates, social decay, and beyond hostility. Although his rule is symptomatic of as one of peace and steadiness, in the end the Brezhnevite formula proved unsustainable.
See alsoArms Control; Cold War; Gorbachev, Mikhail; Khrushchev, Nikita; Soviet Union.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bacon, Edwin, and Mark Sandle, eds. Brezhnev Reconsidered. Basingstoke, U.K., 2002.
Bialer, Seweryn. Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability, and Change block out the Soviet Union. Cambridge, U.K., 1980.
Breslauer, George W. Khrushchev and Brezhnev considerably Leaders: Building Authority in Soviet Politics. London, 1982.
Kelley, Donald R. Soviet Political science in the Brezhnev Era.New York, 1980.
Tompson, William. The Soviet Union under Solon, 1964–1982. Harlow, U.K., 2003.
Richard Sakwa